HOW TO OVERCOME THE AIR POLLUTION IN THE COMMUNITY

HOW TO OVERCOME THE AIR POLLUTION IN THE COMMUNITY

                                     AN: SINAGA

                                     http://www.hd-public-health.ga/

1. Developing environmentally friendly technology
2. Conserve energy used.
3. Maintain the cleanliness of the neighborhood.
4. Do not cut down the forest and carry out illegal logging
5. Perform planting trees and maintain them well.
6. Use of environmentally friendly vehicles

  

Main Cause of Air Pollution:

In the big cities are very difficult to get fresh air, an estimated 70% of the pollution that occurs is the result of a motor vehicle.
Example: in Jakarta between the years 1993-1997 an increase in the number of vehicles in the form of:

- Motorcycles 207%
- Passenger cars 177%
- Cars of goods 176%
- Bus 138%




Impact of Air Pollution:

- Ozone Depletion
- Global Warming (Global Warming)
- Respiratory diseases, eg heart, lungs and throat
- Disruption of reproductive function
- Stress and decreased levels of productivity
- Health and decline in mental abilities of children
- Decreased levels of intelligence (IQ) of children.



Types of Pollutants:

- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Nitrogen dioxide (N02)
- Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
- CFC
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Ozone (03)
- Objects Particulate (PM)
- Lead (Pb)
- Hydrocarbon (HC)



Impact of Air Pollution on Health

The mechanism of health problems due to air pollution in general

Here are some of the biological mechanisms of how air pollutants trigger the symptoms of the disease:
1. The emergence of inflammation / inflammation in the lungs, for example due to PM or ozone.
2. The formation of free radicals / oxidative stress, such as PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons).
3. Modification of covalent bonding to critical intracellular proteins such as enzymes that work in the body.
4. The biological component that induces inflammatory / inflammation and disorders of the immune system, for example, groups glucans and endotoxins.
5. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system and nosioreseptor that regulate the heart and airway.
6. The effect of adjuvant (not directly activate the immune system) against the immune system, such as a transition group metal and DEP / diesel exhaust particulate.
7. The procoagulant effects that can interfere with blood circulation and facilitate the spread of pollutants throughout the body, such as ultrafine PM.
8. Lowering of normal body defense system (eg by pressing a function of alveolar macrophages in the lung).


The influence of air pollution on the health of short-term and long-term


Short-term exposure

1. Treatment in the hospital, a visit to the Emergency Room or routine doctor visits, due to diseases associated with respiration (breathing) and cardiovascular.
2. Reduced daily activity due to illness
3. Total attendance (work or school)
4. Acute symptoms (cough, tightness, respiratory tract infections)
5. The physiological changes (such as pulmonary function and blood pressure)

Long-term exposure

1. Deaths due to respiratory disease / respiratory and cardiovascular
2. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic lung disease (asthma, chronic lung disease osbtruktif)
3. Impaired fetal growth and development
4. Cancer

Specific air pollutants that much effect on health

1. Particulate Matter (PM)

Epidemiological studies in humans and in animal models showed PM10 (including particulate matter originating from diesel / DEP) have great potential tissue damage. Epidemiological data showed an increase in mortality and exacerbations / attacks requiring hospital treatment not only in patients with lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), but also in patients with cardiovascular disease / heart disease and diabetes. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulate / these pollutants, so that the areas with traffic density / high air pollution usually respiratory disease morbidity (children and elderly) and heart disease / cardiovascular (the elderly) increased significantly. Advanced studies in animals showed that the PM can trigger pulmonary and systemic inflammation and cause damage to the vascular endothelium (vascular endothelial dysfunction) that trigger the process atheroskelosis and myocardial infarction / coronary heart disease. Greater exposure in the long term can also trigger the formation of cancer (lung, or leukemia) and death in the fetus. Recent research with nearly 11 years of follow-up showed that exposure to pollutants (including PM10) also can reduce lung function even in the normal population which has not happened yet respiratory symptoms that interfere with the activity.

2. Ozone

Ozone is a photochemical oxidant essential in trofosfer. Formed by the photochemical reaction with the help of other pollutants such as NOx, and volatile organic compounds. Short-term exposure / can induce acute inflammation / inflammation in the lung and interfere with lung function and cardiovascular defense. Long-term exposure can induce asthma, and even lung fibrosis. Epidemiological studies in humans showed that high ozone exposure can increase the number of exacerbations / asthma attacks.

3. NOx and SOx

NOx and SOx are co-pollutants are also quite important. Formed one of imperfect combustion of fossil fuels. Epidemiological studies show exposure NO2, SO2 and CO increase mortality / mortality from cardio-pulmonary disease (heart and lungs) and increase the number of hospitalizations due to these diseases.