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HOW TO OVERCOME THE AIR POLLUTION IN THE COMMUNITY

HOW TO OVERCOME THE AIR POLLUTION IN THE COMMUNITY

                                     AN: SINAGA

                                     http://www.hd-public-health.ga/

1. Developing environmentally friendly technology
2. Conserve energy used.
3. Maintain the cleanliness of the neighborhood.
4. Do not cut down the forest and carry out illegal logging
5. Perform planting trees and maintain them well.
6. Use of environmentally friendly vehicles

  

Main Cause of Air Pollution:

In the big cities are very difficult to get fresh air, an estimated 70% of the pollution that occurs is the result of a motor vehicle.
Example: in Jakarta between the years 1993-1997 an increase in the number of vehicles in the form of:

- Motorcycles 207%
- Passenger cars 177%
- Cars of goods 176%
- Bus 138%




Impact of Air Pollution:

- Ozone Depletion
- Global Warming (Global Warming)
- Respiratory diseases, eg heart, lungs and throat
- Disruption of reproductive function
- Stress and decreased levels of productivity
- Health and decline in mental abilities of children
- Decreased levels of intelligence (IQ) of children.



Types of Pollutants:

- Carbon monoxide (CO)
- Nitrogen dioxide (N02)
- Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
- CFC
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Ozone (03)
- Objects Particulate (PM)
- Lead (Pb)
- Hydrocarbon (HC)



Impact of Air Pollution on Health

The mechanism of health problems due to air pollution in general

Here are some of the biological mechanisms of how air pollutants trigger the symptoms of the disease:
1. The emergence of inflammation / inflammation in the lungs, for example due to PM or ozone.
2. The formation of free radicals / oxidative stress, such as PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons).
3. Modification of covalent bonding to critical intracellular proteins such as enzymes that work in the body.
4. The biological component that induces inflammatory / inflammation and disorders of the immune system, for example, groups glucans and endotoxins.
5. Stimulation of the autonomic nervous system and nosioreseptor that regulate the heart and airway.
6. The effect of adjuvant (not directly activate the immune system) against the immune system, such as a transition group metal and DEP / diesel exhaust particulate.
7. The procoagulant effects that can interfere with blood circulation and facilitate the spread of pollutants throughout the body, such as ultrafine PM.
8. Lowering of normal body defense system (eg by pressing a function of alveolar macrophages in the lung).


The influence of air pollution on the health of short-term and long-term


Short-term exposure

1. Treatment in the hospital, a visit to the Emergency Room or routine doctor visits, due to diseases associated with respiration (breathing) and cardiovascular.
2. Reduced daily activity due to illness
3. Total attendance (work or school)
4. Acute symptoms (cough, tightness, respiratory tract infections)
5. The physiological changes (such as pulmonary function and blood pressure)

Long-term exposure

1. Deaths due to respiratory disease / respiratory and cardiovascular
2. The increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic lung disease (asthma, chronic lung disease osbtruktif)
3. Impaired fetal growth and development
4. Cancer

Specific air pollutants that much effect on health

1. Particulate Matter (PM)

Epidemiological studies in humans and in animal models showed PM10 (including particulate matter originating from diesel / DEP) have great potential tissue damage. Epidemiological data showed an increase in mortality and exacerbations / attacks requiring hospital treatment not only in patients with lung disease (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia), but also in patients with cardiovascular disease / heart disease and diabetes. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of particulate / these pollutants, so that the areas with traffic density / high air pollution usually respiratory disease morbidity (children and elderly) and heart disease / cardiovascular (the elderly) increased significantly. Advanced studies in animals showed that the PM can trigger pulmonary and systemic inflammation and cause damage to the vascular endothelium (vascular endothelial dysfunction) that trigger the process atheroskelosis and myocardial infarction / coronary heart disease. Greater exposure in the long term can also trigger the formation of cancer (lung, or leukemia) and death in the fetus. Recent research with nearly 11 years of follow-up showed that exposure to pollutants (including PM10) also can reduce lung function even in the normal population which has not happened yet respiratory symptoms that interfere with the activity.

2. Ozone

Ozone is a photochemical oxidant essential in trofosfer. Formed by the photochemical reaction with the help of other pollutants such as NOx, and volatile organic compounds. Short-term exposure / can induce acute inflammation / inflammation in the lung and interfere with lung function and cardiovascular defense. Long-term exposure can induce asthma, and even lung fibrosis. Epidemiological studies in humans showed that high ozone exposure can increase the number of exacerbations / asthma attacks.

3. NOx and SOx

NOx and SOx are co-pollutants are also quite important. Formed one of imperfect combustion of fossil fuels. Epidemiological studies show exposure NO2, SO2 and CO increase mortality / mortality from cardio-pulmonary disease (heart and lungs) and increase the number of hospitalizations due to these diseases.

The Role of Public Health Education

The Role of Public Health Education

Health is the result of the interaction of various factors, both internal factors and external factors.
Okay friends we discussed a bit of what constitutes internal factors, internal factors are factors in human beings for example physical and psychical, while external factors are factors that are beyond human beings, for example social, cultural, physical environment, politics, economics, education etc.
    Broadly speaking there are four factors that affect the health of the community by (Blum 1974):

1. of environmental, which includes the physical environment, social, cultural, political, and economic.
2. behavior
3. health care
4. heredity (offspring)
 
Well directly aja friends we turn to the principal explanation ...
 * The role of public education in environmental factors explained herein, has many environmental sanitation supply projects built for the community, for example MCK (bathing, washing, and toilet) or sampah.namun place because the lack of public knowledge about the means, the means or the facility less or not utilized properly and finally becomes useless advice ...
* The role of health education in behavior, health education or activity is an attempt to create a community behavior conducive to health, health education means working on making people realize or memenuhui how to maintain their health, such as how to avoid or prevent the things that are detrimental to their health and the health of others, and where should seek treatment when ill.
* The role of public health education in health care, in order to improve public health, the government of Indonesia in this case the Ministry of Health has been providing community health facilities (health centers) not less than 7,000 health centers spread throughout Indonesia
* The role of health education in heredity, parents, especially the mother is a very important factor in the health status bequeath to their children, parents are healthy and well nourished will inherit good health also to his son, on the contrary when parents, especially mothers will lower nutrition it will lower the health bequeath to their children ..

So my friends would expect from now on take care of your nutritional health so that later when you become parents someday will inherit good nutrition also on your children.

HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Okay friends during this further so that we runners only public health science itself without knowing who the heck prominent figures in public health science itself ???
surely you all are wondering in your mind hehe .. ga dipikirin because today I will share knowledge about the details still public health sciences.

 

In the science of public health can not be separated from the two figures, Asclepius and Higela, which later emerged two schools or approaches in dealing with health issues. The first stream of the curative group preventiv Aclepius and flow of class Higela, the two schools differ in its application in people's lives. Curative flow is rektif the target per-individual, remotely implementation and direct contact with the target just once, this group generally consists of a doctor, the doctor gig, psychiatrists, and other practitioners who perform the treatment of physical, psychological, mental and social , While the flow prevevtiv more proactive or partnership targets the general public, public health officers graduate school or public institution level trending included in this group.
gmna friends already know who wrote the prominent figures in public health sciences, ??
quite the donk ga ya ... ok we go


THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH

The development of public health sciences are grouped in two periods:

I. The period before science
   In this period the public has not really understand the importance of health in everyday life within, is characterized by the existence of written rules governing the disposal of sewage that goal was initially not for health but because of the waste cause odor. But after a long time they are increasingly aware of the importance of public health after the incidence of various infectious diseases in the majority of the population and an epidemic has even become endemic. Examples of cholera but efforts to solve the overall problem has not been done.

II. Period science
    This period is a disease problem complex problem, so if in the period before the science has not discovered the problem-solving, in this period began ditemukann causes of the disease and the vaccine as a deterrent, is evidenced Lous Pasteur invented the vaccine or smallpox. Joseph Lister discovered carbolic acid for sterilizing operating theaters and William Marton discovered ether as an anesthetic during surgery. Investigation and public health efforts are scientifically began in earnest. It has developed educational dibukatikan with health professionals by a whiskey merchant of Baltimor America with the establishment of the university as well as the US government establish a health department to organize health services for the population, as well as repair and supervision of environmental sanitation.

Understanding and definition of Public Health Sciences

Understanding and definition of Public Health Sciences

Definition of Public Health According to Winslow (1920) that the Public Health (Public Health) is the Science and Art: prevent disease, prolong life, and improve health, through "community organizing efforts" to: (Notoatmodjo, 2003)

  1 Improved environmental sanitation
  2 Eradication of infectious diseases
  3 Education for personal hygiene
  4 The organization of medical services and treatment for early diagnosis and   

     treatment.
  5 The development of social engineering to guarantee everyone a decent living needs are met in maintaining health.

According to the American Medical Association (1948) Public Health is the science and art of maintaining, protecting and improving public health through community organizing efforts. From this limit can be concluded that public health was expanded from only dealing sanitation, sanitary engineering, medicine curative, preventive medical science to social science, and that coverage of public health sciences.
Many disciplines that serve as the basis of public health sciences, among others, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Medicine, Environmental Health, Sociology, Education, Psychology, Anthropology, and others. Based on this reality, the science of public health is a multidisciplinary science. However, generally speaking, disciplines that underpin public health sciences, or often referred to as the main pillar of Community Health Sciences, among others:

 1 Public Health Administration.
 2 Health Education and Behavioral Sciences.
 3 Biostatistics / Health Statistics.
 4 Environmental Health.
 5 Nutrition Society.
 6 Occupational Health.
 7 Epidemiology.

Why public health science is a multi-disciplinary science, because it is basically a problem of public health is multicausal, then pemecahanya must be multidisciplinary. Therefore, public health as the art or practice has a vast expanse. All activities either directly or indirectly to prevent disease (prevention), improve health (promotion), therapy (physical therapy, mental, and social) or curative, and recovery (rehabilitative) health (physical, mental, social) is a public health efforts. (Notoatmodjo, 2003).
Broadly speaking, efforts can be categorized as art or the application of public health sciences, among others, as follows:

  1  Eradication of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious.
  2  Improved sanitation
  3  Repair neighborhoods
  4  Eradication Vector
  5  Education (counseling) public health
  6  Maternal and Child Health Care
  7  Development of community nutrition
  8  Sanitary Supervision of Public Places
  9  Drug Control and Drink
 10 Development of Community Participation

International Master Program in Public Health (IMPH)

International Master Program in Public Health (IMPH)

The majoring of International MPH is dedicated to develop skilled professionals 

who are committed to improve the community health by translating rigorous scientific

 research into sound, evidence based public health policy and practice. 

Students participated in the International Health are expected to develop the 

following eight competencies:

    Analysis and assessment in public health

    Policy development and program planning in public healt

    Communication skills in public health

    Cultural competency in public health

    Community dimensions of practice in public health

    Application of public health sciences

    Financial planning and management in public health

    Leadership and system thinking skills.

The integrated International MPH curriculum is built based on ten discipline-specific domains,

 including: biostatistics, epidemiology and disease control, environmental health, 

health promotion, 

health policy, health system, health care management, health economics and 

health financing, public health research, and study skills. Specific core competencies are 

developed within each domain, and the competencies are directed in providing a basic

 knowledge and skill for health professionals working in the field of public health.

 The lists of competencies are expected to be achieved through a number of courses.

 As each course is not independent of each other, the courses will complement each 

other to provide students with full competencies.

The curriculum is structured in two semesters with a total of 40 credit units. 

A total of 16 credit units is allocated in the first semester,

 and the other 24 credit units in the second semester, including 8 credit units for thesis writing.

 One credit unit is equal to 3 hours of student's effort per week or 48 hours per semester.

 A semester consists of on-campus and off-campus periods. During the on-campus period,

 students should attend intensive classes for different courses. During the off-campus period, 

distance learning model will be implemented with teaching and learning activities are

 conducted through internet modalities. Field supervision will be conducted during the 

off-campus period to monitor progress in research and thesis developments.

Fathers of Liberty

The Founders of America were Sons of Liberty.

Liberty is dead now.

There will be no more Liberty unless we bring her into this world.

Liberty needs a father, and a mother.

Dixieland

Risks Antibiotics On Toys Part 1

 Author: Sinaga

Antibiotics were made as a drug derivative derived from living organisms or microorganisms, which can prevent the growth of or kill other microorganisms. "Antibiotics are obtained from the isolation of certain chemical compounds derived from microorganisms such as fungi, actinomycetes, bacteria. The results of the isolation of synthetic chemicals developed on an industrial scale,"

Antibiotics Can Cause Resistance Germs And Reduce Immunity.

"Doc, I'm confused, my baby, really, often alternating treatment of the same disease, flu and colds and flu," says a father diruang practice pediatrician, who immediately followed by his wife, "Yes, Doc. In fact, my baby has been treated in accordance with what doctors recommend, exclusively breast-fed, I've been eating healthy 4 5 perfectly cooked medium rare, the cleanliness of the rooms and the house is okay, as well as the air vents and light, it is appropriate international health standards, deh. "

Before the doctor could answer, the mother repeated, "Oh, yes, Doc, in my house no smokers, the air conditioning in the room was set at 25 degrees Celsius, every morning the AC is turned off and open the windows wide open. Also not only antibiotics, all the drugs that doctors prescribe is always spent like what the doctor said.

"While writing a prescription, the doctor responded," Bu-Pak, we are all human beings are still very little knowledge. So keep what you have mentioned Mr. and Mrs. earlier. Now we try first with this drug, hopefully successfully. "

"Stale!" Perhaps this statement will come out of the mouth of the father and mother earlier. Perhaps also we will say the same thing, if it-it just presented a doctor every time we questioned why the child must be sick every week.

Risks Antibiotics On Toys Part 1

Gara - Gara Antibiotics

According to Prof. Iwan Darmansjah, MD, SpFK., The baby should be feared by the alias disease rarely sick. Why? "Since the baby is still high fortified immunity brought from the womb, also obtained from mother's milk. So, everyday illnesses like the flu by heat, cough, pilek-, another viral disease, or even bacterial infection, should be rejected baby well, "said senior consultant Drug Clinical Trial Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia (PUKO medicine) is.

Therefore, if the baby almost every week or twice a month can even go to the doctor, continued Iwan, "Of course there will be a big question. Is there something wrong from the environment, whether there is something wrong with the baby's body, or the doctor who misdiagnosed. "

Iwan argues, if the baby went to the doctor because of the flu only occasionally within a period of 6-12 months, still fairly reasonable. But when it's every 2-3 weeks should go see a doctor, it can not be said to be reasonable again. "This condition can occur if there are no complicating factors as well as the already avoid pencetusnya- factors, most likely because the baby always taking antibiotics prescribed by a doctor every time he was sick," he said.

In fact, not all diseases suffered by infants, especially flu, should be treated with antibiotics. Even the antibiotic doses, dose, or the size that has been adjusted for age, height and weight of the baby.

Fatal result

Important note, new antibiotics potent and efficacious when dealing with bacteria or germs. Antibiotics will not be able to kill the virus are also parasites. "Well, the incidence of fever with the flu, right, about 90%, even 95% is caused by a virus. So, misguided once if the baby had to take antibiotics because the flu will not resolve the problem, let alone cure the baby," said Iwan.

Misconceptions antibiotics will be redeemed expensive by the baby, which lowers the body's immunity to the baby. So do not be surprised if the baby is every fever always take antibiotics, not more than one month will definitely sore back. Furthermore, antibiotics showed no immediate effectiveness of the human body such as other drugs, but through its ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Now, if there are no nasty germs to be killed he actually kills germs are good, and this is a side effect. Moreover antibiotics can cause resistance to germs and reduce children's immunity against viruses and bacteria.

Despite the resistance of germs is a logical natural phenomenon, but according to Iwan, the excessive use of antibiotics and irrational could accelerate resistance of germs in the body of the patient.

Other reactions which can be seen as giving antibiotics in infants is fever, allergic reactions, shock, until the worst is death, because the baby is not resistant to antibiotics are consumed. "Never mind the babies, adults only could die if he does not hold drank antibiotics," added Iwan.

Continued Risk Into Antibiotics At Baby Part 2

A ntibiotics risks At Baby Part 2

Author: Sinaga
Another story, continued Iwan, if the baby is exposed to a disease caused by germs or bacteria. Although it is not mandatory, babies may be undergoing antibiotic therapy for recovery. "Sure to be the appropriate antibiotic for the disease." So, antibiotics should be appropriate to the type of disease-causing microorganisms. If not, then the disease will not be cured.

For example, as described Iwan, can be used to treat ulcers dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin or Erythromycin, Spiramycin, Roxithromisin, and the like. To treat pneumonia can be used antibiotics penicillin G (injection) and Erythromycin seturunan above. "But infant and child Moxifloxacin should not be taking antibiotics to treat pneumonia, except for adults." As for treating typhoid can use Kloramfenicol or Ciprofloxacin. Especially for babies and children, if not stand Kloramfenicol, it can be given Ciprofloxacin.

Antibiotics risks At Baby Part 2

In addition, antibiotics should also be appropriate dose, should not be more or less. To measure the dose, every baby is different, depending on how severe the disease, medical history, weight and body length until the baby. Finally, should the right also when antibiotics were diminumkanpada baby, how many hours, usually before meals, and other drugs may be mixed or not. Noteworthy, antibiotic use not merely by mouth (orally), but some are via the injection.

Therefore, do not ever give antibiotics alone without the knowledge and the prescription of the doctor. "Remember it is dangerous and useless, because only a doctor who knows A is for treating antibiotic-sensitive bacteria A," said Iwan.

Another important thing, antibiotics should be consumed until exhausted so that the target of the antibiotic microorganisms can be eliminated completely. If not spent, the microorganisms will likely become resistant to antibiotics so that the disease is not cured completely.

Disturbing Renal Function

Unnecessary use of antibiotics, said Dr. rer. nat. Budiawan of the Center for the Study of Risk and Environmental Safety (PUSKA RKL), University of Indonesia, can cause immune microorganisms to antibiotics is given. Thus, if the disease arises due to these microorganisms have developed resistance, antibiotics will not be able to cure ordinary illness should be sought so that a more potent antibiotics.

In addition, antibiotics are not appropriate to kill bacteria that actually required by the body, and can occur in the body's biochemical system disorders. Other effects, can disrupt the body's excretion system, "In this case, disruption of renal function, considering the main active ingredient certain compounds nephrotoxic antibiotics or toxic to the renal system function."

If you want to read the first part of his article you can click on the following link Risk Antibiotics On Toys Part 1

Relationship Hypertension And Stroke

Author: Sinaga
Stroke is a complication of hypertension, where most dihubungankan directly with the level of blood pressure (Zhang et al., 2006). Hypertension drug administration actually is a problem, because the drop in blood pressure is needed to prevent further organ damage, but on the other hand, administration of antihypertensive drugs are also at risk of rapid decline in blood pressure, which is very harmful to the perfusion (blood flow) to the brain. Therefore, antihypertensive drugs are not given to normalize blood pressure, but only reduce blood pressure to a certain extent appropriate treatment protocol (Karyadib, 2002).

Blood pressure often increases during the period of post-stroke and a few compensating physiological response to change into ischemic cerebral perfusion in the lining of the brain. The result of blood pressure therapy to reduce or block the acute brain damage until clinical condition is stable (Chobanian et al., 2004).

a. Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a potential risk factor for stroke. Hypertension can lead to rupture or narrowing of the blood vessels of the brain. When the brain's blood vessels rupture there arose a brain hemorrhage and when the brain's blood vessels constrict the blood flow to the brain is disrupted and brain cells will die. From various studies obtained clear evidence that good control of hypertension systolic, diastolic or both decrease the incidence of stroke (Harsono, 2005).

b. Therapeutic target

Blood pressure in the acute phase is slowly lowered because of the onset of reactive hypertension and most will go down alone on days 3 to 7 (Iskandar, 2003). Decrease in blood pressure in ischemic stroke may be considered if the systolic blood pressure> 220 mmHg or diastolic> 120 mmHg, blood pressure reduction should be around 10-15% with the blood pressure monitoring (Adams et al, 2003), whereas the bleeding stroke may be reduced if systolic blood pressure of patients = 180mmHg or diastolic blood pressure> 130mmHg (Broderick et al, 2007).

Relationship Hypertension And Stroke

c. Management of hypertension in ischemic stroke

Management of hypertension in ischemic stroke is the class of antihypertensive medications alpha beta blockers (labetalol), ACE inhibitors (captopril, or the like) or a calcium antagonist that works peripheral (nifedipine or the like) decrease in blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke may only be a maximum of 20% of blood pressure before. Sublingual nifedipine should be given with caution and with strict monitoring of blood pressure every 15 minutes or by means of continuous monitoring of blood because it can decrease drastically, so it should be started at a dose of 5 mg sublingual and can be increased to 10mg depending on previous responses.

Blood pressure that is difficult to be lowered by the aforementioned drugs or when diastolic> 140mmHg persistently then it should be given intravenous sodium nitroprusside 50mg / 250ml dextrose 5% in water (200mg / ml) at a speed of 3ml / h (10 mg / min) and titrated to blood pressure desired. Another alternative may be given nitroglycerin drips 10-20μg / min. Low blood pressure in acute stroke is not common. Where the blood pressure should be raised with dopamine or dobutamine drips and treat the underlying cause (Mansjoer et al, 2007).

d. Management of hypertension in haemorrhagic stroke

Management of hypertension in hemorrhagic stroke as opposed to acute cerebral infarction, blood pressure control approaches that are more aggressive in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage, due to the high pressure can cause a worsening of edema perihematom and increase the likelihood of rebleeding.

Blood pressure> 180mmHg should be lowered to 150-180mmHg with labetalol (20mg intravenously in minutes), on repeat administration of 40-80mg intravenous labetalol in 10-minute intervals until the desired pressure, then infusion of 2 mg / min (120 ml / min) and titrated or ACE inhibitors (eg, captopril 12,5-25mg, 2-3 times daily) or calcium antagonists (eg nifedipine 10 mg orally 3 times) (Mansjoeret al, 2007).

e. Preventive therapy

Maintenance of blood pressure targets in patients who have a stroke are the main capital to mitigate the risk of a second stroke (Saseen and Carter, 2005). Approximately 5% of patients treated with ischemic stroke suffered a second stroke within the first 30 days (Mansjoer et al, 2007).

Source: Intan Mustika Sari FFUMS 2009